Psychology and Research Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Research Essay 1. There are various methods in psychological research, both qualitative and quantitative. Among them are field experiment, which is more qualitative and the statistical survey which, as the name suggests, a highly quantitative approach. Field experiment is a scientific method in research approach where the researchers (psychology-related researchers in this case) examine the participants or the data in the real world rather than doing the research in the laboratory, but all the same, the field researchers have followed the structured approach1 in research. Statistical survey, on the other hand is used to gather quantitative information on a given subject or participant in a population. It involves statistical processes in arranging data for them to be useful information to readers. It is worth noting however that a research rarely relies on a single method alone. Oftentimes, it is a combination of two or more methods to make it/the theory or contention stronger and more reliable. 2. With the psychosis studies and experiences of R.D. Lang, a psychoanalyst and a radical psychiatrist, he was able to observe his patients for real or â€Å"on field† when he developed his research regarding the subject (psychosis). It is a condition when an individual lost contact with the real world. Psychosis is best described by broad diagnostic concepts such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and that these concepts describe brain diseases that are probably inherited. The task of psychology and its related researches on the subject matter aims to identify neuropsychological abnormalities in patients, in the hope that these might provide clues about the aetiology of the presumed brain pathology. Within this method, there is little scope for psychological intervention, as it is assumed that brain diseases are unresponsive to this kind of treatment. Another psychological research is the intelligence test of Binet or the currently evolved Stanford-Binet Scale which is one of the psychologically related tests or research where statistical approach may be applied. This method was developed containing the idea of graded tests series, the concept of intelligence and the conception of the fundamental qualities of an intelligence test. It was originally composed of thirty items in increasing difficulty, with grouped testees either according to age or gender or any other classification that may be applied. 3 This is where the current IQ Tests evolved. 3. When conducting research with human participants, consent and confidentiality4 are the two very important aspects of the study. Consent of the subjects should be obtained first to let them be aware of the entire study and will let them adjust and not to feel deceived. This will also help the researchers and the participants work together in harmony and will facilitate the entire research process. Aside from these, respect is another reason why consent of the participants must be obtained first. Confidentiality, on the other hand, will secure the safety and honor of the subjects/participants and at the same time will protect the reliability and soundness of the research itself. All the ethical concerns mentioned are generally for the respect of human life, as an individual and in order for the psychology profession be respectable as well. No one can respect the profession if in return, it does not know how to value the dignity of humans in the case that the latter be a participant or a subject in a psychology-related research.

Homelessness in Public Schools Essay -- Education

In the United States nationwide public schools are faced with dilemmas. The choices schools make has to be effective, serve the students, and have the best outcome. Well known problems such as bullying, special educational needs, budget cuts, new standards, and job cuts. Some of the problems are well known to the public while other problems are left in the background. According to the National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) reported that the U.S. Department of Education collected data stating â€Å"during the 2008-2009 school year that 954,914 homeless children and youth were enrolled in public schools.† This problem affects the child socially, mentally, and most importantly academically. The National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) defines Homelessness â€Å"is a lack of permanent housing resulting from extreme poverty and/or unsafe or unstable living environments† (NAEHCY, 2011, p. 2). In the year 2004, it was required that all states were to report to CSPR (Consolidated State Performance Report) of data collected of children and youth enrolled in any educational services (Bowman, Dukes, Moore, 2012, p. 6). The table presented below shows reports the school years of 2004-2010. Number of Homeless Students Reported by States in the CSPR 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 655,591 906,680* 679,724 794,617 956,914 939,903 The National Center on Family Homelessness (NCFH) conducted research and collected data and found during a three year research of CSPR reports. (Bowman. ET al.’s, 2012). In the school years 2006-2009 â€Å"41% increase in the number of homeless student enrolled in schools across the nation† (Bowman... ...2). Summary of the state of research: On the relationship between homelessness and academic achievement among school-aged children and youth (ED-04-CO-0056/0002). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Education website: http://www.serve.org/nche Carter. Samuel, C. (2000). No excuses; lessons from 21 high performing high poverty schools. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation. Murphy.Joseph, F. & Tobin.Kerri, J. (2011, November). Homelessness comes to school. How homeless children and youths can succeed, 93(3), 32-37. Retrieved from http://kappanmagazine.org National Assocation for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth. (2011). Facts about homeless education. Retrieved from http;//naehcy.org/facts.html W&B School of Education. (2012). History of the mckinney act. Retrieved from http://education.wm.edu/centers/hope/resources/mckinneyact/index.php

Derivative and Its Impact on Stock Market

A Paper Presentation Derivative and its impact on capital market Derivative and its impact on capital market On Prepared by Ms. Vidhi Joshi Asst. Professor MBA Department T. N. Rao college of Management Studies Rajkot 1. Introduction to Derivative: The rapidity with which Indian capital market, corporate finance, banking and investment finance has witnessed a major transformation and structural change from the past one decade and this change in recent years has given birth to a new discipline that has come to be known as Financial Engineering. Financial engineering involves the design, the development, and the implementation of innovative financial instruments and processes, and the formulation of creative solutions to problems in finance. The last decade has witnessed the introduction of ‘derivatives’ as an innovative financial instrument in the Indian markets. One of the major objectives of these reforms was to bring the Indian capital market up to a certain international standard. Due to such reforming process, one of the significant step taken in the secondary market is the introduction of derivative products in two major Indian stock exchanges viz. National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) , with a view to provide tools for risk management to investors and to improve the informational efficiency of the cash market. A derivative is financial instrument whose value is ‘derived’ from another underlying security or a basket of securities the underlying is the identification tag for a derivative contract. Derivatives are instruments of risk hedging. In the Indian context the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) defines â€Å"derivative† as a security that is derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security, same as a contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities. Derivative products includes futures, forwards, options and swaps, and these can be combined with each other or traditional securities and loans to create hybrid instruments. In other words, a future contract is a standardized agreement between the seller (short position holder) of the contract and the buyer (long position holder), traded on a futures exchange, to buy or sell a certain underlying instrument at a certain date in the future, at a pre-set price. The future date is called the delivery date or final settlement date. The pre-set price is called the futures price. The price of the underlying asset on the delivery date is called the settlement price. Equity derivatives trading started on June 9, 2000 with introduction of stock index futures by Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). National Stock Exchange (NSE) also commenced its trading on 12 June, 2000 based on S&P Nifty. Trading on NIFTY futures was introduced on the 12th of July 2000. Trading on stock futures was introduced in the NSE in the 9th November, 2001. Subsequently, other products like stock futures on individual securities, index options and options on individual securities were introduced. Forward Contract: A Forward Contract is a transaction in which the buyer and the seller agree upon a delivery of a specific quality and quantity of asset usually a commodity at a specified future date. The price may be agreed on in advance or in future. † Future Contract: It involves an obligation on both the parties i. e. the buyer and the seller to fulfill the terms of the contract (i. e. these are pre-determined contracts entered today for a date in the future) * Obligation to buy or sell * Stated quantity * At a specific price * Stated date (Expiration Date) Marked to Market on a daily basis Options: An Options contract confers the right but not the obligation to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a specified underlying instrument or asset at a specified price – the Strike or Exercised price up until or an specified future date – the Expiry date. † The Price is called Premium and is paid by buyer of the option to the seller or writer of the option. à ¢â‚¬  Types of option * Call Option * Put option Put Option: The right to sell a futures contract. It provides protection against falling prices and also sets a minimum price target. Call Option: The right to buy a futures contract. It protects against rising prices and it also allows participation in seasonal price rises. Swap: Swap is a contract between two parties to exchange a set of cash flows over a pre-determined period of time. Example ‘A’ agrees to pay cash based on the rate of return of an agreed stock market index to the second counter party ‘B’. Participants in Derivatives Market: 1. Hedgers: They use derivatives markets to reduce or eliminate the risk associated with price of an asset. Majority of the participants in derivatives market belongs to this category. 2. Speculators: They transact futures and options contracts to get extra leverage in betting on future movements in the price of an asset. They can increase both the potential gains and potential losses by usage of derivatives in a speculative venture. 3. Arbitrageurs: Their behaviour is guided by the desire to take advantage of a discrepancy between prices of more or less the same assets or competing assets in different markets. If, for example, they see the futures price of an asset getting out of line with the cash price, they will take offsetting positions in the two markets to lock in a profit. Applications of Financial Derivatives: Some of the applications of financial derivatives can be enumerated as follows: 1. Management of risk: This is most important function of derivatives. Risk management is not about the elimination of risk rather it is about the management of risk. Financial derivatives provide a powerful tool for limiting risks that individuals and organizations face in the ordinary conduct of their businesses. It requires a thorough understanding of the basic principles that regulate the pricing of financial derivatives. Effective use of derivatives can save cost, and it can increase returns for the organisations. 2. Efficiency in trading: Financial derivatives allow for free trading of risk components and that leads to improving market efficiency. Traders can use a position in one or more financial derivatives as a substitute for a position in the underlying instruments. In many instances, traders find financial derivatives to be a more attractive instrument than the underlying security. This is mainly because of the greater amount of liquidity in the market offered by derivatives as well as the lower transaction costs associated with trading a financial derivative as compared to the costs of trading the underlying instrument in cash market. 3. Speculation: This is not the only use, and probably not the most important use, of financial derivatives. Financial derivatives are considered to be risky. If not used properly, these can leads to financial destruction in an organisation like what happened in Barings Plc. However, these instruments act as a powerful instrument for knowledgeable traders to expose themselves to calculated and well understood risks in search of a reward, that is, profit. 4. Price discover: Another important application of derivatives is the price discovery which means revealing information about future cash market prices through the futures market. Derivatives markets provide a mechanism by which diverse and scattered opinions of future are collected into one readily discernible number which provides a consensus of knowledgeable thinking. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY In the last decade, many emerging and transition economies have started introducing derivative contracts. Policy makers and regulators in these markets are concerned about the impact of futures on the underlying cash market. One of the reasons for this concern is the belief that futures trading attract speculators who then destabilize spot prices. Since futures encourage speculation, the debate on the impact of speculators intensified when futures contracts were first introduced for trading, beginning with commodity futures and moving on to financial futures. Before further regulations are introduced, it is essential to determine whether in fact there is a causal link between the introduction of futures and spot market volatility. It, therefore becomes imperative that we seek answers to questions like: What is the impact of derivatives upon market efficiency and liquidity of the underlying cash market? To what extent do derivatives destabilize the financial system, and how should these risks be addressed? Can the results from studies of developed markets be extended to emerging markets? Capital Market and Derivative segment in Indian Stock Market: Today Indian stock market is very sound in terms of participants from all sections, huge turnover and number of listed companies. Cash segment and derivative segment both have grown with each other. NSE and BSE are the major exchanges. Over the years Indian stock market has modernized with the use of high modern Information and Communication technology. Derivative instruments have become part and parcel of business world. Today, derivative instruments are used in all markets such as foreign exchange, shares, commodities etc. New, sophisticated, complex and exotic tools are being developed in different markets. The innovative derivative instruments have been developed in such a manner that these are used even by a common man. Although derivatives have been in existence for long in past in one or another form but present day sophisticated, standardized derivative products. Growth of Derivatives Market in India: Equity derivatives market in India has registered an â€Å"explosive growth† and is expected to continue the same in the years to come. Introduced in 2000, financial derivatives market in India has shown a remarkable growth both in terms of volumes and numbers of traded contracts. NSE alone accounts for 99 percent of the derivatives trading in Indian markets. The introduction of derivatives has been well received by stock market players. Trading in derivatives gained popularity soon after its introduction. In due course, the turnover of the NSE derivatives market exceeded the turnover of the NSE cash market. For example, in 2008, the value of the NSE derivatives markets was Rs. 130, 90,477. 75 Cr. whereas the value of the NSE cash markets was only Rs. 3,551,038 Cr. Table 1 : Turnover of Cash segment in India Year| Turnover at BSE| Turnover at NSE| Total Turnover| 1992-93| 45696| -| 45696| 993-94| 84536| -| 84536| 1994-95| 67749| 1805| 69554| 1995-96| 50064| 67287| 117351| 1996-97| 124190| 295403| 419593| 1997-98| 207113| 370193| 577306| 1998-99| 310750| 414474| 725224| 1999-00| 686428| 839052| 1525840| 2000-01| 1000032| 1339510| 2339542| 2001-02| 307292| 513167| 820459| 2002-03| 314073| 617989| 932062| 2003-04| 503053| 1099534| 1602587| 2004-05| 518715| 114007 2| 1658787| 2005-06| 816074| 1569558| 2385632| 2006-07| 956185| 1945287| 2901472| 2007-08| 1578857| 3551038| 5129895| 2008-09| 1100074| 2752023| 3852097| 2009-10| 1136513| 2805878| 3942391|

We Need A People Of Color ( Poc ) Room - 1690 Words

We need a People of Color (POC) room: In lieu of the creation of the vagina tent we want an answer and the creation of a POC room. While we do understand the reasoning for the vagina tent’s creation: it being a part of a student’s IB project as well as a place for people who identify as women to sit through and talk about the injustices of male privilege in this institution. It is also a safe environment for these women to go to when feeling unsafe, this was the same intent that the POC room would have. Students of color need the POC room just as much as the women need the vagina tent; the space would not have to be permanent, although preferably permanent, it would be a place in which students of color would be able to vent about their problems in a safe open space with other students who face similar issues. We demand to know why the creation of the POC room has not come into fruition. We demand to know why the talk of the room has died down; the reasoning that  "the room will be used for the new dean† is an unacceptable explanation. We need sensitivity training for teachers and administration: Several students such as Hasanti, Tarisai, Janine, and Tydell have had problems with teachers in class humiliating them and making it difficult to function within the classroom. It has been brought up time and time again that teachers are making students feel uncomfortable by disregarding their questions in the classroom; the school constantly tries to defuse the situation byShow MoreRelatedWomen s Impact On Women1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe same way that white men trembled in the eye of flourishing black and brown continents and islands and destroyed them for their own enrichment. Throughout my research, it has been interesting to see an inherently feminine space, that never made room for men, being taken over by male intervention; what I will refer to as a male flock. I define â€Å"male flock† as the moral panic of men that caused the influx of male intervention in childbirth. This influx was based on the perceived power of women andRead MorePublic Policy Concerning Educa tion During Prisons1449 Words   |  6 Pagesthus targets people of color (POC), the population with the lowest levels of educational attainment and functional literacy in the US. Educational inequality starts at an early age; the Pew Center cites a study by High/Scope as showing that disadvantaged and minority children who participated in pre-kindergarten programs reduced adult and juvenile participation in crime. The upholding of educational inequality through lack of prison education paints a bleak picture for incarcerated POC in the US. InRead MoreUnderstanding The Relationship Of Staff And Teachers1322 Words   |  6 Pagesand forth between the front office and the classroom to drop off paperwork. However, the teacher assigned me the task of setting up the 7th grade bulletin board for the month. She informed that I had to go to the front office and talk to one of the people there to gain access to the storage closet that held all of the arts and craft material. I nodded, reme mber the name and objectives I was set out to do. I was sent back to speak to one of the supporting staff. I explained the task at hand and wasRead MoreThe Current Generation Of The United States1226 Words   |  5 Pageshigher education as has changed over the course of history. As we continue to evolve, the laws on education as a whole will constantly change and there will be more requirements. People have already predicted that the current generation will have to obtain their PhD in order to get their dream job. We can infer that since the length requirement is constantly changing, officials will also make the curriculum a little bit more challenging. If we take a look into the history of the education curriculum,Read MoreIp Essay1961 Words   |  8 Pagesmove forward with our plan in a manner that is genuinely inclusive of all of those who are involved. However, in the last few days, discussions surrounding this problem have encouraged our classmates to become more responsive and active. In fact, we just had an important meeting with the team at Etc. Pictures, and every single participant was present and [relatively] on time. This has left me hopeful for our future progression. Thus far, I have assisted in the success of our project by settingRead MoreOrange Creek Inc Essay12565 Words   |  51 PagesCreek Inc. DRP should be strictly controlled. Orange Creek Inc. data includes private personnel data, proprietary patents and designs, and marketing information. The information in this plan is distributed only to Orange Creek Inc. personnel with a â€Å"need to know† and with the understanding that they will hold this information confidential and will not disclose any information in this plan to third parties without the prior written consent of Ray Maybus, President, or the filing by the third party ofRead MoreAbstract: Strategic Contingency Planning23625 Words   |  95 Pagesorganization, its people and its assets. Various estimates of failure rates of businesses after a disaster abound. While there is no way to confirm these statistics, they seem to suggest that contingency planning will improve the odds of an organization’s survival. Due to the fear of terrorist attacks, cyber crime, pandemics and the increasing costs of natural disasters, more organizations than ever before are considering contingency planning to help protect their people, assets, and facilities